Introduction Extreme phenomena such as heavy rainfall is one of the most important climatic parameters in any geographical area. Rainfall is one of the appropriate climatic parameters in estimating potential impacts of climate change in the environment and in many economic and social systems. The Precipitation enhances runoff and providing soil moisture. Heavy rainfall increases runoff and leads to flooding. This climate parameter in arid areas such as southeastern Iran has wide variations. There is a direct relationship between rainfall and the activity of precipitation systems in South East of Iran. Some researches show that during half a century synoptic patterns by more and severe raining events and by changes in scheduling and rain status has been changed. From 1960s, the abundance and severity of extreme rainfalls throughout the world has increased and it is expected to continue the increase until the end of the current century. So understanding the behavior of extreme events is one of the main aspects of climate changes. The increase information about heavy rainfalls has importance for society, especially for the population who lives in areas with increased flood risk. Among heavy rainfall characteristics, the portion of such extreme precipitations is studied less. Due to the experiments carried out, the increase of annual rainfall in southeastern Iran happens through extreme precipitations. Therefore extreme precipitations portions out of total annual rainfalls can be defined as an index of crisis. The increase of this index implies the extreme floods in rainy years and severe drought and drought years. According to abnormal behavior and irregular extreme precipitations in south east of Iran and its high variability and arid regions ability to heaviness and extension of Heavy Rainfalls, the necessity of understanding and Analysis of synoptic patterns affecting heavy rainfall in the low rainfall region of southeastern Iran is recognized. Materials and Methods The purpose of this study is to analyze extreme precipitations in South East of Iran. First, the southeastern corner of Iran was selected from latitude 34 ° N and Longitude 53 ° E. The daily precipitation data during the period (1951-2020) of meteorological stations in the study area (in Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan, Kerman, Hormozgan, Fars and Yazd provinces) were obtained. Then, the standardized data matrix was set up in MATLAB software, which the length, width and the number of days it represents the precipitation statistics of the stations. On this matrix, the cluster analysis was performed using the Euclidean Distance and Ward Linkage methods. To understand the role of dynamic and thermodynamic factors in the occurrence of these rainfall, were used the geo potential Height, sea level pressure, air temperature, specific humidity, zonal and meridional wind components in latitudes 0 to 80 degrees north and Longitude of 0 to 120 degrees east that was related to 6-hour rainfall and maps with dimensions of 2.5 × 2.5 degrees, the were interpolated by using the Kriging method. Results and Discussion The heavy rainfall always have been one of the hazards of climate that the destruction and irreparable damages life and property is involved. Therefore, understanding the factors and parameters that create the climate system precipitation in any place and at any time of the year is necessary. Rainfall phenomenon is very complex and nonlinear that the great variability over time and space and a variety of conditions that have important role in the occurrence can be divided into two categories: Synoptic Patterns and local conditions. Weather is largely controlled by the passage of Synoptic Patterns. On the other hand the occurrence of any weather's particular pattern is to a large extend determined by the distributions of land masses, sea surface temperature gradients,Characteristics and type of land cover (biosphere), topography and the orientation of baroclinic zones. Conclusion In this study, synoptic patterns affecting heavy rainfall in the low rainfall region of southeastern Iran has been analyzed using environmental to circulation approach. The results showed different patterns of heavy rainfall. When a low polar pressure with Sudan's low pressure is encountered, severe Baroclinicity conditions arise in the direction of northwest, southeast is associated whit the trough located in East Black Sea - East Mediterranean which Iran has been in the East of this synoptic system where Positive vorticity occurs. Analysis of synoptic patterns affecting heavy rainfall in the low rainfall region of southeastern Iran showed that the main reason of these rainfalls had been the siberian and Black Sea unticyclones, troughs of Red Sea and Persian Gulf. In the summer, synoptic patterns of seasonal rains in South East of Iran often Due of the spread of monsoon air mass. In winter, westerly winds extend towards lower latitudes including the study area, the seasonal rainfall pattern in the region brings.

About 600 Km. coastal lines of the Gulf of Oman occur in southeast of Iran. The Rhodophyta of intertidal regions of Chabahar area (25° 10' to 25° 21' N / 59°52 I to 61°31' E) were studied from 1999 to 2003. Samples of algae were collected from 8 sites including Gavater, Beris, Ramin, Kachu, Chabhar, Pozm, Joud and Tang. In this study 74 species of 19 families of Rhodophyta was identified. Rhodomelaceae has higher number of genera and Gracilaria has higher number of species in studied areas. Nineteen species were new records for algal flora of Iran and 45 species were not recorded in Catalogue of Benthic marine algae of Indian Ocean. The specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Agriculture and Natural Resources Researches Centre of Hormozgan province, Iran.

Drought is one of the natural disasters that create some of damaging impacts to ecological environments. The Average annual and monthly rainfall of limited projects stations were surveyed in statistical periods 30 years (1970-1999) to analyze droughts of south and south– east of our country. At first the average annual rainfall was estimated in a drought period according to statistical rules and best-selected distribution. Then the map of chosen area was provided based on the estimated rain fall rate to average annual of each station for return period (P/Pmean) Due to provided maps may recognize when drought with a T return period occurs in whole area and then which area has more critical weakness. ofcourse, each area would have more critical condition that have weakness with more diversity to their mean long time weaknesses. Using dimensionless statistical series criteria may evaluate drought area with similar T return period intensity.

Introduction: The foundation of crisis management and natural disasters is based on pre-occurrence awareness. The necessary measures to reduce the risk of climatic hazards have always been considered. Every year occurred various hazards in Iran. Climatic hazards are associated with specific geographic risks in each region of the country. In the South-Eastern region of Iran, due to the geographical location and natural landscape of the region, more exposed temperatures hazards. The purpose of this study was to investigate and determine the points of the thermal hazard based on spatial analysis in the geographical information system environment.Methods: This study is a descriptive-statistical study using applied research. In this regard, the long-term database of the minimum and maximum temperatures of the meteorological stations (2000-2014) is used to measure the thermal hazards including: thermal waves (severe, moderate, weak, sum), wind chill (severe, moderate, weak, total), frost (radiant , Weight, total). In the following, the relationship between temperature and geographic conditions based on Pearson correlation model was investigated in SPSS software. Then using the GIS capabilities, areas with the same hazards were identified in different zones.Results: The results showed that the highest incidence of severe thermal waves occurred in northern Sistan and Baluchestan province with Zabol and Zahak center. The highest incidence of wind chill was observed in the central part of the northwest province with a focus on Zahedan and Khash stations. The highest density of exposure to glacial frosts in the eastern part of the province was in accordance with the Zahedan, Khash and Saravan axes. The eastern and central parts of the Sistan and Baluchistan region experience more events than frost. From the north to the south, the frequency and severity of frost is reduced.Findings: Occurrence of temperature hazards is a hallmark of arid areas. The thermal hazards, especially the heat waves and burns, are subject to the components of the location and show variable behavior with latitude and altitude variations. So far, Zahak and Zabol have the highest heat waves with lower altitude and the most frequent wind chills in Zahidan and Zahidan. Areas close to the coastal strip, such as Nik-Shahr and Chabahar, have the lowest temperature risks. It is important to identify and determine the spatial patterns of temperature hazards to make efficient decisions and implement preventive plans before the occurrence of a crisis.

The rite of passage or initiation ceremony is one of the important stages or influential turning points in human life. It creates a new identity for the individual in the group. This stage has specific religious and psychological concepts and is held with special rituals and ceremonies. These rituals include ceremonies related to the three important stages (1) birth or the beginning of childhood, (2) adulthood, puberty, and marriage, and (3) death. Among various Iranian ethnic groups, from the past to the present, ceremonies have been held that express an individual's transition from one stage to another in various ways and based on archetypes. The symbols and signs in the ritual, which have manifested themselves in various ways, are based on the structure of the human mind, which is formed according to the collective unconscious and has common themes. In this study, marriage, which is one of the three main stages of transition rituals in midlife, is examined in Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, South East Iran. Data was collected using field and documentary methods. In addition, the functions of some customs and rituals performed in this transition stage (marriage) are discussed.

Background: Non-traumatic coma is a common condition in children that may cause considerable morbidity and mortality. Determining the most common causes of loss of consciousness in any specific region, and any sex and age group will dramatically reduce mortality and morbidity.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the most common causes of non-traumatic coma among children in south east of Iran.Patients and Methods: All children (aged 1 month to 15 years) hospitalized for non-traumatic coma were included in this study. All of the patients received clinical measures such as history, physical, and neurological examinations. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) was used to determine the level of consciousness and paraclinical examinations, including CBC with differential, blood biochemistry, urine analysis, and liver function tests were performed on all patients. In case of indication, blood and urine culture, brain CT (Computed Tomography) scan or brain MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), lumbar puncture, metabolic study, EEG (electroencephalogram), and so forth were carried out. Finally, the data were analyzed and the most common causes of loss of consciousness were determined.Results: Among the 123 children under investigation, 76 cases were male (61.8%) and 47 females (38.2%) with the mean age of 3.2 ± 0.64 years. The most common causes of loss of consciousness among children were as follows: toxic causes in 61 patients (49.6%), infectious causes in 30 patients (24.4%), metabolic causes in 11 patients (8.9%), structural brain abnormalities in 4 patients (3.3%) and seizure in 7 children (5.7%). Moreover, 10 patients (8.1%) had other causes of loss of consciousness.Conclusions: Toxic causes with an incidence of 49.6% were the most common cause of loss of consciousness among all age groups.

Background: A lot of children with non-traumatic coma will suffer from complications or even die from it. Determining the causes of consciousness loss in any specific region, and within any sex and age group will dramatically reduce such complications. This article addresses the causes of non-traumatic coma in children.Methods: All children (aged 1 month to 15 years) hospitalized for non-traumatic coma were included in the study. All of the patients received clinical measures such as history, physical, and neurological examinations by evaluation of consciousness level using GCS system, and paraclinical assessments including CBC, diff, blood biochemistry, urine analysis, and liver function tests for all patients. In case of indication, blood and urine culture, brain CT scan or MRI, Lumbar Puncture, metabolic study, EEG, and so forth were carried out. Finally, with respect to the findings from the history, clinical examinations, and paraclinical information, the cause of consciousness loss was determined.Findings: Among the 123 children under investigation, there were 76 boys (61.8%) and 47 girls (38.2%) with average age of 3.2±0.64 years. The causes of the children's loss of consciousness were as follows: Toxic causes in 61 patients (49.6%), infectious causes in 30 patients (24.4%), metabolic causes in 11 patients (8.9%), and structural abnormality of the brain in 4 patients (3.3%). Seizure was the cause of consciousness loss in 7 children (5.7%). In addition, 10 patients (8.1%) had other causes for loss of consciousness.Conclusion: Toxic causes with an incidence of 49.6% were the most common cause of loss of consciousness within all age groups.

Unstable regions adjacent to the territory of Islamic Republic of Iran, especially in the Southeast of Iran are the root of strategic concern. Conditions are in a way that the negligence on the side of Islamic Republic of Iran may lead to threat against security of Islamic Republic of Iran. In this regard, and based on a certain research, insecurity variables in the region have been surveyed.The present research aims at studying insecurity factors from domestic and foreign aspects in the southeast of Iran. The research tries to study and analyze the impact of the factors on insecurity in the southeast of Iran (Sistan & Baluchistan), and tries to answer the question: "To what extent do domestic and foreign factors contribute to insecurity in the southeast of Iran?" The factors have been studied from domestic and foreign aspects. N=143 is comprised of university professors and the province officials. The research is of descriptive-analytical type and statistical analysis is conducted through using SPSS. The results of the research indicates that every factor -domestic and foreign- contribute to establishment of insecurity in Southeast of Iran i.e. Sistan and Baluchistan, however, the share of foreign factors is greater than that of domestic ones.